java_cup

Class lalr_state

java.lang.Object

java_cup.lalr_state

public class lalr_state
extends Object

This class represents a state in the LALR viable prefix recognition machine. A state consists of an LALR item set and a set of transitions to other states under terminal and non-terminal symbols. Each state represents a potential configuration of the parser. If the item set of a state includes an item such as:

    [A ::= B * C d E , {a,b,c}]
  

this indicates that when the parser is in this state it is currently looking for an A of the given form, has already seen the B, and would expect to see an a, b, or c after this sequence is complete. Note that the parser is normally looking for several things at once (represented by several items). In our example above, the state would also include items such as:

    [C ::= * X e Z, {d}]
    [X ::= * f, {e}]
  

to indicate that it was currently looking for a C followed by a d (which would be reduced into a C, matching the first symbol in our production above), and the terminal f followed by e.

At runtime, the parser uses a viable prefix recognition machine made up of these states to parse. The parser has two operations, shift and reduce. In a shift, it consumes one Symbol and makes a transition to a new state. This corresponds to "moving the dot past" a terminal in one or more items in the state (these new shifted items will then be found in the state at the end of the transition). For a reduce operation, the parser is signifying that it is recognizing the RHS of some production. To do this it first "backs up" by popping a stack of previously saved states. It pops off the same number of states as are found in the RHS of the production. This leaves the machine in the same state is was in when the parser first attempted to find the RHS. From this state it makes a transition based on the non-terminal on the LHS of the production. This corresponds to placing the parse in a configuration equivalent to having replaced all the symbols from the the input corresponding to the RHS with the symbol on the LHS.

Version:

last updated: 7/3/96

Author:

Frank Flannery

See Also:

lalr_item, lalr_item_set, lalr_transition

Field Summary

Fields

Modifier and Type	Field and Description
protected static Hashtable<lalr_item_set,lalr_state>	_all Collection of all states.
protected static Hashtable<lalr_item_set,lalr_state>	_all_kernels Hash table to find states by their kernels (i.e, the original, unclosed, set of items -- which uniquely define the state).
protected int	_index Index of this state in the parse tables
protected lalr_item_set	_items The item set for this state.
protected lalr_transition	_transitions List of transitions out of this state.
protected static int	next_index Static counter for assigning unique state indexes.

Constructor Summary

Constructors

Constructor and Description
lalr_state(lalr_item_set itms) Constructor for building a state from a set of items.

Method Summary

Modifier and Type	Method and Description
void	add_transition(symbol on_sym, lalr_state to_st) Add a transition out of this state to another.
static Enumeration<lalr_state>	all() Collection of all states.
static lalr_state	build_machine(production start_prod) Build an LALR viable prefix recognition machine given a start production.
void	build_table_entries(parse_action_table act_table, parse_reduce_table reduce_table) Fill in the parse table entries for this state.
static void	clear()
protected static void	dump_state(lalr_state st) Helper routine for debugging -- produces a dump of the given state onto System.out.
boolean	equals(lalr_state other) Equality comparison.
boolean	equals(Object other) Generic equality comparison.
static lalr_state	find_state(lalr_item_set itms) Find and return state with a given a kernel item set (or null if not found).
protected boolean	fix_with_precedence(production p, int term_index, parse_action_row table_row, parse_action act) Procedure that attempts to fix a shift/reduce error by using precedences.
int	hashCode() Produce a hash code.
int	index() Index of this state in the parse tables
protected parse_action	insert_action(parse_action a1, parse_action a2, int act_type)
protected parse_action	insert_reduce(parse_action a1, parse_action a2)
protected parse_action	insert_shift(parse_action a1, parse_action a2)
lalr_item_set	items() The item set for this state.
static int	number() Indicate total number of states there are.
protected static void	propagate_all_lookaheads() Propagate lookahead sets through the constructed viable prefix recognizer.
protected void	propagate_lookaheads() Propagate lookahead sets out of this state.
protected void	report_conflicts(terminal_set conflict_set) Produce warning messages for all conflicts found in this state.
protected void	report_reduce_reduce(lalr_item itm1, lalr_item itm2) Produce a warning message for one reduce/reduce conflict.
protected void	report_shift_reduce(lalr_item red_itm, int conflict_sym) Produce a warning message for one shift/reduce conflict.
String	toString() Convert to a string.
lalr_transition	transitions() List of transitions out of this state.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

_all

protected static Hashtable<lalr_item_set,lalr_state> _all

Collection of all states.

_all_kernels

protected static Hashtable<lalr_item_set,lalr_state> _all_kernels

Hash table to find states by their kernels (i.e, the original, unclosed, set of items -- which uniquely define the state). This table stores state objects using (a copy of) their kernel item sets as keys.

next_index

protected static int next_index

Static counter for assigning unique state indexes.

_items

protected lalr_item_set _items

The item set for this state.

_transitions

protected lalr_transition _transitions

List of transitions out of this state.

_index

protected int _index

Index of this state in the parse tables

Constructor Detail

lalr_state

public lalr_state(lalr_item_set itms)
           throws internal_error

Constructor for building a state from a set of items.

Parameters:

itms - the set of items that makes up this state.

Throws:

internal_error

Method Detail

all

public static Enumeration<lalr_state> all()

Collection of all states.

clear

public static void clear()

number

public static int number()

Indicate total number of states there are.

find_state

public static lalr_state find_state(lalr_item_set itms)

Find and return state with a given a kernel item set (or null if not found). The kernel item set is the subset of items that were used to originally create the state. These items are formed by "shifting the dot" within items of other states that have a transition to this one. The remaining elements of this state's item set are added during closure.

Parameters:

itms - the kernel set of the state we are looking for.

items

public lalr_item_set items()

The item set for this state.

transitions

public lalr_transition transitions()

List of transitions out of this state.

index

public int index()

Index of this state in the parse tables

dump_state

protected static void dump_state(lalr_state st)
                          throws internal_error

Helper routine for debugging -- produces a dump of the given state onto System.out.

Throws:

internal_error

propagate_all_lookaheads

protected static void propagate_all_lookaheads()
                                        throws internal_error

Propagate lookahead sets through the constructed viable prefix recognizer. When the machine is constructed, each item that results in the creation of another such that its lookahead is included in the other's will have a propagate link set up for it. This allows additions to the lookahead of one item to be included in other items that it was used to directly or indirectly create.

Throws:

internal_error

add_transition

public void add_transition(symbol on_sym,
                           lalr_state to_st)
                    throws internal_error

Add a transition out of this state to another.

Parameters:

on_sym - the symbol the transition is under.

to_st - the state the transition goes to.

Throws:

internal_error

build_machine

public static lalr_state build_machine(production start_prod)
                                throws internal_error

Build an LALR viable prefix recognition machine given a start production. This method operates by first building a start state from the start production (based on a single item with the dot at the beginning and EOF as expected lookahead). Then for each state it attempts to extend the machine by creating transitions out of the state to new or existing states. When considering extension from a state we make a transition on each symbol that appears before the dot in some item. For example, if we have the items:

    [A ::= a b * X c, {d,e}]
    [B ::= a b * X d, {a,b}]
  

in some state, then we would be making a transition under X to a new state. This new state would be formed by a "kernel" of items corresponding to moving the dot past the X. In this case:

    [A ::= a b X * c, {d,e}]
    [B ::= a b X * Y, {a,b}]
  

The full state would then be formed by "closing" this kernel set of items so that it included items that represented productions of things the parser was now looking for. In this case we would items corresponding to productions of Y, since various forms of Y are expected next when in this state (see lalr_item_set.compute_closure() for details on closure).

The process of building the viable prefix recognizer terminates when no new states can be added. However, in order to build a smaller number of states (i.e., corresponding to LALR rather than canonical LR) the state building process does not maintain full loookaheads in all items. Consequently, after the machine is built, we go back and propagate lookaheads through the constructed machine using a call to propagate_all_lookaheads(). This makes use of propagation links constructed during the closure and transition process.

Parameters:

start_prod - the start production of the grammar

Throws:

internal_error

See Also:

lalr_item_set.compute_closure(), propagate_all_lookaheads()

propagate_lookaheads

protected void propagate_lookaheads()
                             throws internal_error

Propagate lookahead sets out of this state. This recursively propagates to all items that have propagation links from some item in this state.

Throws:

internal_error

build_table_entries

public void build_table_entries(parse_action_table act_table,
                                parse_reduce_table reduce_table)
                         throws internal_error

Fill in the parse table entries for this state. There are two parse tables that encode the viable prefix recognition machine, an action table and a reduce-goto table. The rows in each table correspond to states of the machine. The columns of the action table are indexed by terminal symbols and correspond to either transitions out of the state (shift entries) or reductions from the state to some previous state saved on the stack (reduce entries). All entries in the action table that are not shifts or reduces, represent errors. The reduce-goto table is indexed by non terminals and represents transitions out of a state on that non-terminal.

Conflicts occur if more than one action needs to go in one entry of the action table (this cannot happen with the reduce-goto table). Conflicts are resolved by always shifting for shift/reduce conflicts and choosing the lowest numbered production (hence the one that appeared first in the specification) in reduce/reduce conflicts. All conflicts are reported and if more conflicts are detected than were declared by the user, code generation is aborted.

Parameters:

act_table - the action table to put entries in.

reduce_table - the reduce-goto table to put entries in.

Throws:

internal_error

fix_with_precedence

protected boolean fix_with_precedence(production p,
                                      int term_index,
                                      parse_action_row table_row,
                                      parse_action act)
                               throws internal_error

Procedure that attempts to fix a shift/reduce error by using precedences. --frankf 6/26/96 if a production (also called rule) or the lookahead terminal has a precedence, then the table can be fixed. if the rule has greater precedence than the terminal, a reduce by that rule in inserted in the table. If the terminal has a higher precedence, it is shifted. if they have equal precedence, then the associativity of the precedence is used to determine what to put in the table: if the precedence is left associative, the action is to reduce. if the precedence is right associative, the action is to shift. if the precedence is non associative, then it is a syntax error.

Parameters:

p - the production

term_index - the index of the lokahead terminal

parse_action_row - a row of the action table

act - the rule in conflict with the table entry

Throws:

internal_error

insert_action

protected parse_action insert_action(parse_action a1,
                                     parse_action a2,
                                     int act_type)
                              throws internal_error

Throws:

internal_error

insert_shift

protected parse_action insert_shift(parse_action a1,
                                    parse_action a2)
                             throws internal_error

Throws:

internal_error

insert_reduce

protected parse_action insert_reduce(parse_action a1,
                                     parse_action a2)
                              throws internal_error

Throws:

internal_error

report_conflicts

protected void report_conflicts(terminal_set conflict_set)
                         throws internal_error

Produce warning messages for all conflicts found in this state.

Throws:

internal_error

report_reduce_reduce

protected void report_reduce_reduce(lalr_item itm1,
                                    lalr_item itm2)
                             throws internal_error

Produce a warning message for one reduce/reduce conflict.

Parameters:

itm1 - first item in conflict.

itm2 - second item in conflict.

Throws:

internal_error

report_shift_reduce

protected void report_shift_reduce(lalr_item red_itm,
                                   int conflict_sym)
                            throws internal_error

Produce a warning message for one shift/reduce conflict.

Parameters:

red_itm - the item with the reduce.

conflict_sym - the index of the symbol conflict occurs under.

Throws:

internal_error

equals

public boolean equals(lalr_state other)

Equality comparison.

equals

public boolean equals(Object other)

Generic equality comparison.

Overrides:

equals in class Object

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Produce a hash code.

Overrides:

hashCode in class Object

toString

public String toString()

Convert to a string.

Overrides:

toString in class Object